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| 1835 |
| | | Alexis de Tocqueville publishes in French the first two volumes of his extremely influential study Democracy in America | |
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| c. 1835 |
| | | English artist Edward Lear begins a series of travels, sketching around the Mediterranean and in the Middle East | |
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| 1837 |
| | | In The American Scholar Ralph Waldo Emerson urges his student audience to heed their own intellectuals rather than those of Europe | |
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| c. 1846 |
| | | The Irish, fleeing from the potato famine at home, become the main group of immigrants to the USA | |
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| 1847 |
| | | Camillo Benso di Cavour founds a newspaper in north Italy and calls it Il Risorgimento ('The Resurgence') | |
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| 1858 |
| | | Napoleon III and Cavour hatch a secret plan at Plombièes to tempt Austria into war in north Italy, and agree how to divide up the spoils | |
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| 1860 |
| | | The treaty of Turin brings much of north Italy under the control of Cavour (for the kingdom of Sardinia), who in return cedes Savoy and Nice to France | |
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| 1881 |
| | | Henry James's novel The Portrait of a Lady studies an American girl, Isabel Archer, in the unfamiliar context of Europe | |
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| 1893 |
| | | Norwegian explorer Fridtjof Nansen sails into the Arctic in the purpose-built Fram, beginning a three-year expedition to reach the North Pole | |
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| 1898 |
| | | In the Treaty of Paris, ending the Spanish-American War, Spain cedes Puerto Rico and Cuba to the USA | |
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